Corruption as an Integrated System Corruption in the Syrian oil sector is not limited to individual cases. Rather, it constitutes a system based on three pillars: information monopoly, alliances of influence, and the absence of accountability. Achieving reform requires dismantling these pillars...

Iran had a grand plan for Syria – taken right from the playbook of a country it considers its arch-enemy. Just as the United States solidified its global dominance by investing billions in rebuilding Europe after the Second World War, Iran would do the same in the Middle East by...

In December 2019, US President Donald Trump signed the long-awaited Caesar Act to tighten the noose on the regime of then-Syrian President Bashar al-Assad. The sanctions were set to expire in December 2024, but Congress renewed them in a text agreed upon just hours before the fall of the Assad...

In light of the escalating bloody violence on the Syrian coast and the assassination of prominent figures, urgent questions are emerging: Who truly benefits from fueling strife in Syria? Are they internal forces seeking to consolidate their influence, or are external parties reshuffling their...